Logically, yeah—it went from “all X are Y” to “no non-X are Y” (or equivalently, “all Y are X”).

When he won before, he was outside the Republican party establishment and just put his own unprepared cronies in charge.

Political jurisdictions aren’t arbitrary if you’re considering things like bike lanes, street repair, etc. (And having lived in several locations around the area, there’s also a lot of variation in terrain, weather, traffic behavior, and number and kinds of cyclists.)

It might still make sense to group cities into metropolitan areas in spite of those factors, but then why didn’t they do it for any of the other cities?

Why do they count the San Francisco Bay Area as one city? The area includes over a hundred municipalities.

It’s not like Condorcet’s scenario where every candidate has a pairwise election against every other candidate—it assumes a subversive agenda-setter who presents each new proposal as a yes-or-no alternative to the existing status quo (the previously-accepted proposal). Once a policy is rejected, it isn’t re-introduced.

That’s true for any pairwise vote, but not for the entire sequence.

As in the Condorcet paradox, voter preferences are intransitive: voters preferring A to B and B to C doesn’t imply that voters will prefer A to C. But where the Condorcet paradox shows how this can lead to a cyclical subset of candidates where no candidate can beat all other members of the subset, the chaos theorem shows how this can lead to a series of votes that ends absolutely anywhere.

Yeah, the Condorcet criterion is a lot more restrictive in the space of policies (where you can make incremental changes in any direction) than in elections for a discrete set of candidates. (Which is why they say that in most cases there won’t be one.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKelvey–Schofield_chaos_theorem

There will in most cases be no Condorcet winner and any policy can be enacted through a sequence of votes, regardless of the original policy. This means that adding more policies and changing the order of votes (“agenda manipulation”) can be used to arbitrarily pick the winner.

The article doesn’t explicitly say that this includes policies not preferred by any single voter, but it’s implied by “any” and “arbitrary” (and can be verified by the original theorems).

The McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem proves that, if an electorate is presented with a series of proposed policy changes and everyone votes according to their honest preference, the proposals can be fashioned and ordered in such a way that any policy can be made to win—even one that no voter prefers to the starting point.

The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin was born into Russian nobility.

It’s a state-level policy, and there were a few states ahead of the curve.

Historically, all regular voting was done in-person on election day and mail-in ballots were a special exception (e.g., for people with disabilities). It’s only in the last few election cycles that voting by mail became the norm, and most people still use the pre-existing terminology.

First cousin once removed.

Maybe the websites saying “second cousin” are actually talking about the children of two first cousins?

It reminds me a lot of Reddit in the first few years.

I initially joined Reddit because Aaron Swartz’s involvement convinced me it wasn’t going to go the route of other corporate social platforms, but I think Swartz would have been far more at home on Lemmy.

As everyone else is saying, wear a mask if you have one.

But it seems like the question you’re directly asking is more about the fluid flow of air in the room. With your suggestion of alternating short/long breaths, you might be imagining that you can blow the germs away and then breathe in the clear space left behind, but of course it doesn’t work that way. Blowing or breathing quickly creates more turbulence, which stirs up the air and sucks in more air from further away—both of which increase your risk. (Reducing turbulence from your breath is the second function of a mask, besides filtering out particles.) In the best-case scenario, the germs are in large aerosolized droplets which will settle out of the air quickly, but only if the air is still—so you’d want to breathe softly and move as little as possible. (And the droplets can still be infectious after they fall, so wash your hands after touching anything as well.)

Have the new rail lines reduced automobile traffic? Or are they adding lines in anticipation of future traffic?

They are regularly recycled.

Not according to the SSA’s Q&A:

Q20: Are Social Security numbers reused after a person dies?

A: No. We do not reassign a Social Security number (SSN) after the number holder’s death. Even though we have issued over 453 million SSNs so far, and we assign about 5 and one-half million new numbers a year, the current numbering system will provide us with enough new numbers for several generations into the future with no changes in the numbering system.

We could switch to hexadecimal digits and we’d be good for 68 billion.

A calorie is a unit of energy—it’s used to measure how much energy is contained in the foods you consume, and how much energy your body outputs in the form of physical work. These are objective measurements that have nothing to do with your body’s internal biology—you could measure the energy input and output of a robot or a car the same way. (In particular, calories in and out don’t tell you exactly how much weight you’ll gain or lose in the process—that’s dependent on your metabolism.)

The calories spent to work an exercise bike can be measured in terms of how much energy is needed to turn the pedals—it’s independent of whatever’s doing the turning.

Just do it subtly enough that you notice the character first and the vitiligo second.